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Ovarian Cancer
Summary
What is ovarian cancer?
Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells in the body grow out of control and form a tumor. Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor that forms in the tissues of an ovary. The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive glands that make eggs and female hormones.
What are the types of ovarian cancer?
There are a few different types of ovarian cancer. The most common type is epithelial cancer. It begins in the cells that cover the ovary.
There are also two related types of epithelial cancer that can spread to the ovaries:
- Fallopian tube cancer forms in the tissue lining a fallopian tube. The fallopian tubes are a pair of long, slender tubes on each side of the uterus. The uterus is the female reproductive organ where a baby grows during pregnancy.
- Primary peritoneal cancer forms in the tissue lining the peritoneum. Your peritoneum is a tissue lining that covers the organs in the abdomen (belly).
These two cancers are similar to ovarian cancer, and they have the same treatments. So some medical experts also consider those two types as ovarian cancer.
Some other rarer types of ovarian cancer are malignant germ cell tumors and stromal tumors.
What causes ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer happens when there are changes (mutations) in the genetic material (DNA). Often, the exact cause of these genetic changes is unknown.
Most ovarian cancers are caused by genetic changes that happen during your lifetime. But sometimes these genetic changes are inherited, meaning that you are born with them. Ovarian cancer that is caused by inherited genetic changes is called hereditary ovarian cancer.
There are also certain genetic changes that can raise your risk of ovarian cancer, including changes called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These two changes also raise your risk of breast and other cancers.
Besides genetics, your lifestyle and the environment can affect your risk of ovarian cancer.
Who is more likely to develop ovarian cancer?
Certain people are more likely to develop ovarian cancer. They include those who:
- Have a family history of ovarian cancer in a mother, daughter, or sister
- Have inherited changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
- Have certain other genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome
- Have endometriosis
- Took hormone replacement therapy
- Are overweight or have obesity
- Are tall
- Are older, especially those who have gone through menopause
What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer may not cause early signs or symptoms. By the time you do have signs or symptoms, the cancer is often advanced.
The signs and symptoms may include:
- Pain, swelling, or a feeling of pressure in the abdomen or pelvis
- Sudden or frequent urge to urinate (pee)
- Trouble eating or feeling full
- A lump in the pelvic area
- Gastrointestinal problems, such as gas, bloating, or constipation
How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?
To find out if you have ovarian cancer, your health care provider:
- Will ask about your medical history, including your symptoms
- Will ask about your family health history, including relatives who have had ovarian cancer
- Will do a physical exam, including a pelvic exam
- Will likely do imaging tests
- May do blood tests such as a CA-125 blood test
Often the only way to know for sure that you have ovarian cancer is by having a biopsy of the tissue. A biopsy is done during surgery to remove the tumor.
What are the treatments for ovarian cancer?
Treatments for ovarian cancer may include:
- Surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
Your provider may suggest that you have genetic testing to look for the gene changes that raise the risk for ovarian cancer. Knowing whether or not you have the gene change may help your provider decide on your treatment plan.
NIH: National Cancer Institute
National Cancer Institute
NIH MedlinePlus Magazine
- 3 Types of Ovarian Cancer, Explained
- By the Numbers: Ovarian Cancer
- Could Genetic Screening Help Catch Ovarian Cancer Earlier?
- Olympic Gymnast Shannon Miller: Accepting Help was Essential to Ovarian Cancer Recovery
- Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapies Show Promise
- Triathlete on Winning the Cancer Race
Encyclopedia
- Abdominal exploration Medical Encyclopedia
- Abdominal radiation – discharge Medical Encyclopedia
- Abdominal tap Medical Encyclopedia
- After chemotherapy – discharge Medical Encyclopedia
- Alpha fetoprotein Medical Encyclopedia
- Diagnostic laparoscopy Medical Encyclopedia
- Estradiol blood test Medical Encyclopedia
- Pelvic radiation – discharge Medical Encyclopedia
- Pelvis MRI scan Medical Encyclopedia
- Radiation enteritis Medical Encyclopedia
- Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor Medical Encyclopedia
- Transvaginal ultrasound Medical Encyclopedia
Diagnosis and Tests
- Abdominal exploration – series — Normal anatomy Medical Encyclopedia
- Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) Tumor Marker Test National Library of Medicine
- BRCA Test National Library of Medicine
- CA 125 Blood Test (Ovarian Cancer) National Library of Medicine
- Can Ovarian Cancer Be Found Early? American Cancer Society
- CEA Test National Library of Medicine
- Laparoscopy National Library of Medicine
- Ovarian Cancer Stages American Cancer Society
- Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer Screening National Cancer Institute
- Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing for BRCA-Related Cancer in Women U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
- Screening for Ovarian Cancer American College of Physicians
- Stages of Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer National Cancer Institute
- Stages of Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumors National Cancer Institute
- Tests for Ovarian Cancer American Cancer Society
- Tumor Marker Tests National Library of Medicine
Find an Expert
- American Cancer Society American Cancer Society
- Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health
- Find a Cancer Doctor American Society of Clinical Oncology
- Find an Ob-Gyn American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
- National Cancer Institute National Cancer Institute
- NCI Designated Cancer Centers National Cancer Institute
- Organizations that Offer Cancer Support Services National Cancer Institute
Genetics
- BRCA Gene Mutations: Cancer Risk and Genetic Testing National Cancer Institute
- Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Family History Risk Categories Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Does Breast or Ovarian Cancer Run in Your Family? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Ovarian cancer: MedlinePlus Genetics National Library of Medicine
- What Causes Ovarian Cancer? American Cancer Society
Patient Handouts
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene testing Medical Encyclopedia
- CA-125 blood test Medical Encyclopedia
- Ovarian cancer Medical Encyclopedia
Prevention and Risk Factors
- Can Ovarian Cancer Be Prevented? American Cancer Society
- Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) American Society of Clinical Oncology
- Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors American Cancer Society
- Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer Prevention National Cancer Institute
Children
- Childhood Ovarian Cancer Treatment National Cancer Institute
Clinical Trials
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Fallopian Tube Neoplasms National Institutes of Health
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome National Institutes of Health
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Ovarian Neoplasms National Institutes of Health
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Peritoneal Neoplasms National Institutes of Health
Reference Desk
- Dictionary of Cancer Terms National Cancer Institute
- Normal Female Reproductive Anatomy National Cancer Institute
Treatments and Therapies
- Drugs Approved for Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer National Cancer Institute
- Gynecologic Cancers: Treatment Types American Society for Radiation Oncology
- Treatment for Stromal Tumors of the Ovary, By Stage American Cancer Society
- Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer National Cancer Institute
- Treatment of Early Ovarian Epithelial and Fallopian Tube Cancer National Cancer Institute
- Treatment of Recurrent or Persistent Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer National Cancer Institute
- Treatment Option Overview (Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer) National Cancer Institute
- Treatment Option Overview (Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors) National Cancer Institute
- Treatment Option Overview (Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumors) National Cancer Institute
Specifics
- General Information About Ovarian Epithelial, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer National Cancer Institute
- General Information about Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors National Cancer Institute
- General Information about Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumors National Cancer Institute
- Stages of Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors National Cancer Institute
Start Here
- General Information about Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer National Cancer Institute
- Ovarian Cancer Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- Ovarian Cancer and Primary Peritoneal Cancer (PPC) Foundation for Women’s Cancer
- Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Peritoneal Cancer American Society of Clinical Oncology
- What Is Ovarian Cancer? American Cancer Society
Statistics and Research
- Key Statistics about Ovarian Cancer American Cancer Society
- Ovarian Cancer Statistics National Cancer Institute
- What’s New in Ovarian Cancer Research and Treatment? American Cancer Society
Living With
- Living as an Ovarian Cancer Survivor American Cancer Society
Related Issues
- Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk National Cancer Institute
- Ovarian Cancer: Still Possible after Hysterectomy? Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- Risks of Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer Screening National Cancer Institute
Images
- Ovarian Cancer Stage I National Cancer Institute
- Ovarian Cancer Stage II National Cancer Institute
- Ovarian Cancer Stage IIIC National Cancer Institute
- Ovarian Cancer Stage IV National Cancer Institute
Journal Articles
Symptoms
- Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer Centers for Disease Control and Prevention