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Diabetes Type 2
Summary
What is type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose is your main source of energy. It comes from the foods you eat. A hormone called insulin helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. If you have diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. The glucose then stays in your blood and not enough goes into your cells.
Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause health problems. But you can take steps to manage your diabetes and try to prevent these health problems.
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes may be caused by a combination of factors:
- Being overweight or having obesity
- Not being physically active
- Genetics and family history
Type 2 diabetes usually starts with insulin resistance. This is a condition in which your cells don’t respond normally to insulin. As a result, your body needs more insulin to help the glucose enter your cells. At first, your body makes more insulin to try to get cells to respond. But over time, your body can’t make enough insulin, and your blood glucose levels rise.
Who is at risk for type 2 diabetes?
You are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes if you:
- Are over age 45. Children, teenagers, and younger adults can get type 2 diabetes, but it is more common in middle-aged and older people.
- Have prediabetes, which means that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes
- Had diabetes in pregnancy or gave birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more.
- Have a family history of diabetes
- Are overweight or have obesity
- Are Black or African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Asian American, or Pacific Islander
- Are not physically active
- Have other conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or depression
- Have low HDL (good) cholesterol and high triglycerides
- Have acanthosis nigricans – dark, thick, and velvety skin around your neck or armpits
What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
Many people with type 2 diabetes have no symptoms at all. If you do have them, the symptoms develop slowly over several years. They might be so mild that you do not notice them. The symptoms can include:
- Increased thirst and urination
- Increased hunger
- Feeling tired
- Blurred vision
- Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
- Sores that do not heal
- Unexplained weight loss
How is type 2 diabetes diagnosed?
Your health care provider will use blood tests to diagnose type 2 diabetes. The blood tests include:
- A1C test, which measures your average blood sugar level over the past 3 months
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, which measures your current blood sugar level. You need to fast (not eat or drink anything except water) for at least 8 hours before the test.
- Random plasma glucose (RPG) test, which measures your current blood sugar level. This test is used when you have diabetes symptoms and the provider does not want to wait for you to fast before having the test.
What are the treatments for type 2 diabetes?
Treatment for type 2 diabetes involves managing your blood sugar levels. Many people are able to do this by living a healthy lifestyle. Some people may also need to take medicine.:
- A healthy lifestyle includes following a healthy eating plan and getting regular physical activity. You need to learn how to balance what you eat and drink with physical activity and diabetes medicine, if you take any.
- Medicines for diabetes include oral medicines, insulin, and other injectable medicines. Over time, some people will need to take more than one type of medicine to control their diabetes.
- You will need to check your blood sugar regularly. Your health care provider will tell you how often you need to do it.
- It’s also important to keep your blood pressure and cholesterol levels close to the targets your provider sets for you. Make sure to get your screening tests regularly.
Can type 2 diabetes be prevented?
You can take steps to help prevent or delay type 2 diabetes by losing weight if you are overweight, eating fewer calories, and being more physically active. If you have a condition which raises your risk for type 2 diabetes, managing that condition may lower your risk of getting type 2 diabetes.
NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
NIH MedlinePlus Magazine
- 3 Key Research Highlights from NIH’s Diabetes Branch
- Turning Things Around: An 18-Year-Old’s Inspiring Advice for Managing Type 2 Diabetes
- Viola Davis on Confronting Prediabetes and Becoming her Own Health Advocate
Living With
- 4 Steps to Manage Your Diabetes for Life National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Changing Your Habits for Better Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Diabetic Diet: MedlinePlus Health Topic National Library of Medicine
- Get to Know Your Diabetes Care Team American Diabetes Association
- Monitoring Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists
- Understanding Diabetes and Mental Health American Diabetes Association
- Weight Loss American Diabetes Association
- Where Do I Begin with Type 2? American Diabetes Association
Related Issues
- 6 Things to Know about Type 2 Diabetes and Dietary Supplements National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
- Acanthosis Nigricans Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- Diabetes Diet, Eating, and Physical Activity National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- National Diabetes Prevention Program Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Prediabetes:MedlinePlus Health Topic National Library of Medicine
- Speak Up — Diabetes: Five Ways to Be Active in Your Care at the Hospital Joint Commission
- Symptoms and Causes of Diabetes National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Patient Handouts
- A1C test Medical Encyclopedia
- Diabetes type 2 – meal planning Medical Encyclopedia
- Giving an insulin injection Medical Encyclopedia
- High blood sugar – self-care Medical Encyclopedia
- Type 2 diabetes – self-care Medical Encyclopedia
Diagnosis and Tests
- A1C: MedlinePlus Health Topic National Library of Medicine
- Diabetes Tests National Library of Medicine
- Diabetes Tests and Diagnosis National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Insulin in Blood National Library of Medicine
- Ketones in Blood National Library of Medicine
- Ketones in Urine National Library of Medicine
Find an Expert
- American Diabetes Association American Diabetes Association
- Find a Diabetes Educator Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- NIDDK Information Clearinghouses and Health Information Center National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Clinical Trials
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 National Institutes of Health
Women
- Diabetes Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women’s Health
Older Adults
- Diabetes AGS Health in Aging Foundation
- Diabetes in Older People National Institute on Aging
Treatments and Therapies
- Diabetes and Dietary Supplements National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
- Diabetes Medicines: MedlinePlus Health Topic National Library of Medicine
- Women and Diabetes — Diabetes Medicines Food and Drug Administration
Statistics and Research
- Diabetes in America, 3rd Edition National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- National Diabetes Statistics Report Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Recent Advances (in Diabetes Research) American Diabetes Association
Symptoms
- Diabetes Type 2 Symptoms American Diabetes Association
Prevention and Risk Factors
- How to Prevent Diabetes: MedlinePlus Health Topic National Library of Medicine
- National Diabetes Prevention Program: Find a Program Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Genetics
- Learn the Genetics of Diabetes American Diabetes Association
- Type 2 diabetes: MedlinePlus Genetics National Library of Medicine
Journal Articles
Start Here
- Type 2 Diabetes American Diabetes Association
- Type 2 Diabetes Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- What is Diabetes? National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Encyclopedia
- Type 2 Diabetes Medical Encyclopedia
- Type 2 diabetes – what to ask your doctor Medical Encyclopedia
Health Check Tools
- Type 2 Diabetes Risk Test American Diabetes Association