Rotator Cuff Injuries

Summary

What is a rotator cuff?

Your rotator cuff is part of your shoulder joint. It’s a group of muscles and tendons that holds the top part of your upper arm bone firmly in your shoulder socket. The rotator cuff keeps your shoulder stable when you move your arm in any direction.

What are rotator cuff injuries?

Rotator cuff injuries are common. Most of them are wear-and-tear injuries from doing the same arm movements over and over – especially reaching over your head. With time, the tissues in the rotator cuff break down, leading to these injuries:

• Tendinitis. The tendons in the rotator cuff connect your muscles to your shoulder bones. In tendinitis, the tendons become irritated and swollen from being pinched during shoulder movements.
• Bursitis. The bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac that pads the space between the rotator cuff and the bones of your shoulder. Bursitis happens when the muscle and bone rub the bursa too much. It swells with extra fluid, which causes pain
• Rotator cuff tears. Tears in a rotator cuff tendon can happen over time or suddenly from an injury, such as falling on an outstretched arm or lifting something heavy. A tear may go part way through a tendon (partial tear) or all the way through (full tear).

Who is more likely to develop a rotator cuff injury?

Anyone can develop a rotator cuff injury. But certain people are more likely to have one:

• People over age 40. Most rotator cuff injuries are from the wear and tear of aging. By age 80, most adults have tears.
• Athletes. Playing sports with repeated shoulder movements increases the risk of a rotator cuff injury, for example, tennis, swimming, and baseball – especially pitching.
• People in jobs that require a lot of reaching overhead or heavy lifting. Carpenters, construction workers, and painters are examples of workers who may be more likely to have rotator cuff problems.

What are the symptoms of rotator cuff injuries?

Rotator cuff injuries don’t always cause pain. But when they do, the pain is often in the top part of your arm or shoulder. You may feel more pain when you:

• Lie down, especially on the injured shoulder
• Lift your arm or lower it to the front or side
• Reach behind your back

Other symptoms from a torn rotator cuff may include:

• Loss of strength in the arm
• Clicking or popping sounds when you move your arm

How are rotator cuff injuries diagnosed?

To find out if you have a rotator cuff injury, your health care provider:

• Will examine your shoulder. This includes checking the range of motion and where the pain is.
• Will test your arm and shoulder strength.
• May order imaging tests, such as x-rays, an ultrasound, or an MRI scan.

What are the treatments for rotator cuff injuries?

The best treatment for you depends on your age, how much your injury bothers you, and whether your injury was sudden or happened from wear and tear.

Treatments for rotator cuff injuries often include:

• Rest
• Putting ice or a cold pack on the sore area
• Pain relievers to lessen pain and swelling, such as ibuprofen or aspirin
• Physical therapy exercises to strengthen your shoulder and improve movement
• A corticosteroid shot into your shoulder joint if other treatments don’t help with the pain

Treatments for rotator cuff tendinitis and bursitis may also include ultrasound therapy. Surgery may be an option if your shoulder doesn’t feel better in 6 to 12 months.

Treatments for a torn rotator cuff may also include heat to the sore area or electrical stimulation of the nerves and muscles (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, TENS).

You provider may suggest surgery if your tear is large or is from a recent injury, or symptoms last for 6 to 12 months.

When should I see a health care provider for shoulder pain?

If certain activities bother your shoulder, it’s best to stop doing them and check with your provider. That’s because early treatment can prevent mild rotator cuff injuries from becoming more serious later on. If you your arm feels weak right after a sudden injury to your shoulder, see your provider as soon as possible.

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

Clinical Trials

• ClinicalTrials.gov: Rotator Cuff Injuries National Institutes of Health
• ClinicalTrials.gov: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome National Institutes of Health

Treatments and Therapies

• Cortisone Shots Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
• Rotator Cuff and Shoulder Rehabilitation Exercises American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• Rotator Cuff Exercises American Academy of Family Physicians
• Rotator Cuff Tears: Surgical Treatment Options American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• Shoulder Arthroscopy American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• Shoulder Impingement Treatment American Academy of Pediatrics
• Shoulder Joint Replacement American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Diagnosis and Tests

• Direct Arthrography Radiological Society of North America
• Shoulder MRI Radiological Society of North America
• Shoulder Pain American Academy of Family Physicians

Find an Expert

• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

Journal Articles

• Rotator Cuff Injuries

Patient Handouts

• Rotator cuff – self-care Medical Encyclopedia
• Rotator cuff exercises Medical Encyclopedia
• Rotator cuff problems Medical Encyclopedia
• Rotator cuff repair Medical Encyclopedia
• Shoulder arthroscopy Medical Encyclopedia
• Shoulder replacement Medical Encyclopedia

Images

• Rotator cuff repair – series — Normal anatomy Medical Encyclopedia

Specifics

• Rotator Cuff Tears American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• Shoulder Impingement/Rotator Cuff Tendinitis American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Children

• Rotator Cuff Tendonitis (For Parents) Nemours Foundation